SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING SIMULATION IN IMPROVING STUDENTS SPEAKING SKILL

(KODE : PENDBING-0050) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING SIMULATION IN IMPROVING STUDENTS SPEAKING SKILL

CHAPTER I 

INTRODUCTION

This chapter is divided into seven subsections. They are background of the study, reasons for choosing the topic, statement of problems, objectives of the study, hypothesis, significance of the study, and outline of the report.

A. Background of the Study

The globalization era that demands man power with sufficient competency and professionalism has made Vocational High School so important. This phenomenon is reflected in that many students leaving Junior High Schools enter Vocational Schools.

It goes without saying that Vocational High School has some special qualities. Firstly, the alumni that leave from this institution could meet the job requirements in industry or company because they have certificate of Uji Kemampuan Kompetensi. With this certificate they would have a chance to get a job easily. Secondly, the alumni could continue their study if they are qualified; adjusted to their vocations.

Hence, the teaching and learning process in Vocational High School needs special techniques in order to achieve the necessary competencies for the students. That demand increases when there is free market in this era that makes manpower exchange takes place rapidly. So that, the students need to master the subjects and skills suitable with their vocations. They also have to be good in English as an international language, which also used both in industry and business nowadays.

However, according to my observation and interview before doing this final project, the English subject in Vocational High School is still conventional, monotonous and boring for the students. The teachers' successful orientation is still how to deliver all materials from the occupied literature (Suyatno, 2004 : 2). It potentially becomes one of the problems for them to reach the goal of the learning process.

Moreover, the situation becomes worse when the teachers rarely update the necessary skills in teaching according to the education progress. They have a drawback to evolve teaching techniques and strategies. The result is teaching and learning process operated in an old way that generates alumni without any sufficient competences.

Another cause is the very limited chance for the teachers to join in seminar, discussion, and training. It makes instructional processes become less innovative. This condition is usually complained especially by those who teach in remote areas.

The phenomena above are contrary to the spirit of the new curriculum (KTSP) which suggests that teachers should be able to enhance their teaching strategies for the sake of the student's competence development (KTSP 2007) (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurikulum_Tingkat_Satuan_Pendidikan).

Beside the above demand of the curriculum, the teacher's techniques and the students' learning styles should be in line. Teaching and learning process should be able to accommodate the different and unique characteristics of the students.

Based on the above arguments, simulation would be an effective technique to solve those problems for Vocational High School. This technique would give supporting environment for the students to elaborate themselves with their own learning styles. I focused on improving students' speaking skill for Vocational High School. Here, the subject of my study will be THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING SIMULATION IN IMPROVING STUDENTS' SPEAKING SKILL FOR VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL.

B. Reasons for Choosing the Topic

There are some reasons in choosing this topic. The first one is because the topic has not been examined yet by many researchers. Most of the them investigated the area of teaching and learning process in Junior or Senior High School in the terms of methods, strategy, and the interaction among the students or between teacher and students in the English class. There are still a few who conducted researches about teaching and learning techniques, especially simulation, for Vocational High School.

The second one is the topic will promise a valuable contribution for English teaching and learning process especially for Vocational High School that is being improved constantly by the government. The simulation technique adapts the students' learning styles and also uses Contextual Teaching and Learning that is needed in vocational classes as demanded by the curriculum. So that, this technique would be an alternative solution for education problem.

The third, the topic would be useful for language development because the simulation technique concerns on speaking skill. Therefore, by analyzing this matter, I hope that the second language learner could get knowledge and information in using English through simulation. This technique uses English as a means of communication not merely studying the language itself.

The last one is the topic gives an advantage for the students in improving their speaking skill and elaborating their learning styles. All the teaching and learning processes held in the context of situation according to the students' vocations. It would give much information for them in using English as the means of communication on their fields.

C. Statement of Problems

The problems that are discussed in this study are : 

1. How is the speaking test achievement for students taught using simulation technique ?

2. How is the speaking test achievement for students taught without using simulation technique ?

3. Is there any significant difference in students' speaking test achievement between those taught by using simulation technique and those taught without using simulation technique ?

D. Objectives of the Study

The purposes of this study are : 

1. to find out the speaking test achievement for students taught using simulation technique

2. to find out the speaking test achievement for students taught without using simulation technique

3. to find out whether there is significant difference in students' speaking test achievement between those taught by using simulation technique and those taught without using simulation technique.

SKRIPSI STUDENT'S READING STRATEGIES AND THEIR READING COMPREHENSION

(KODE : PENDBING-0049) : SKRIPSI STUDENT'S READING STRATEGIES AND THEIR READING COMPREHENSION

CHAPTER I 

INTRODUCTION

This research is intended to investigate the students' reading strategies and their reading comprehension in a junior high school. This chapter illustrates the background of the study, the research problems, and the purposes of the study. This chapter also includes the significance of the study, and the hypothesis. Moreover, this chapter also presents the research method and organization of the thesis.

A. Background of the Study

Reading is an essential skill for English as second/foreign language (ESL/EFL) learners; and for many, reading is the most important skill to master (Anderson, 1999). Anderson also states that with good reading skills, ESL/EFL readers will make great progress and attain great development in all academic areas (1999 : 21).

In a junior high school in Indonesia, reading skill is a first priority. The goal of reading in Indonesia English curriculum is to make the students comprehend what they read, and enhance students' oral and written communication ability (SMP-SBI curriculum 2007 the third grade of a junior high school). Further, SMP-SBI curriculum 2007 the third grade of a junior high school clarifies that the communication in this case is the ability to understand and to express the feeling, thought and information, to develop science, culture and technology (Depdiknas, 2007). It is also stated that standard competence of reading is to understand a meaning of procedural, report, explanatory written text or short essay, narrative, and news items, in order that students are able to communicate in daily and academic context.

In the last decade, many reading experts have investigated English reading strategies in order to solve the reading problems. Reading strategies are considered one of the fundamental factors that promote students' comprehension improvement in reading. Furthermore, reading strategy "is the foundation of students' self-regulated reading" (Syafrizal, 2000 : 4). A motivated and self-regulated reader will encourage himself to set his own planning in determining his reading strategies which contribute a great deal of success to his reading comprehension (Wenden, 1987 : 11).

Based on the description above, it can be said that reading strategies play an important role in reading English texts, especially in a junior high school. In line with this, the present study focuses on the investigation of students' reading strategies and their reading comprehension, a case study at a junior high school.

B. Research Problems

The study is aimed at investigating the junior high school students' reading strategies and their reading comprehension. Specifically, this study investigates the following questions : 

1. What reading strategies are used by the third grade students of the junior high school ?

2. Is there any correlation between the students' reading strategies and their reading comprehensions ?

C. Purposes of the Study

The study was conducted in order to : 

1. discover the reading strategies used by third grade students of the junior high school.

2. find the correlation between the students' reading strategies and their reading comprehensions

D. Significance of the Study

This study is intended to find the correlation between the junior high school students' reading strategies and their reading comprehension. Hopefully, the study will be valuable for teachers and students, for improving the teaching learning process. By knowing the students' reading strategies and their reading comprehension, the teachers could also select and design the appropriate teaching materials and techniques. Besides, by identifying reading and its strategies, it could be expected that some valuable findings could be implemented in the process of reading in order to make reading course better. Moreover, this study could also become an empirical study over viewing classroom learning activities in Competence-Based Curriculum. It could be an insight to teaching and learning activities in KTSP context. Furthermore, it can be a bridge for the students to encourage them to improve their reading comprehension by using reading strategies.

In addition, this study can be valuable for researcher because the result of the study provides some informative input to conduct another investigation in the same field in different contexts.

SKRIPSI THE USE OF MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING RECOUNT TEXT TO IMPROVE STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION ABILITY

(KODE : PENDBING-0048) : SKRIPSI THE USE OF MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING RECOUNT TEXT TO IMPROVE STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION ABILITY

CHAPTER I 

INTRODUCTION

This chapter contains a brief explanation of the introduction. It consists of background, research questions, the scope of the research, aims of the research, hypothesis, research methodology, clarification of key terms, and organization of the paper. 

A. Background

In the structure of curriculum program in Junior high school, English is one of the most important subjects for students in the seventh grade until nine grades by having about four hours lesson every week. English has been identified as the most important parameter in the curriculum development that should be mastered by Indonesian students. It means that students in the junior high school have three years opportunity to learn English and they are expected to master it.

There are four skills in English teaching that the students should master it. The four skills are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Standard competence of Junior High School states that the seventh grade students in the second semester should be able to express spoken text and short monologue in descriptive and procedure text to interact with surrounding. It means that, the seventh grade students should be able to express meaning in simple short monologue and dialogue used in oral language variety accurately, fluently, and understandably to interact with surrounding.

Speaking is the productive skill in the oral mode. It consists of producing systematic verbal utterance to convey meaning. Speaking also is an important skills to communicate because in speaking students convey ideas, opinion, etc. According to Brown (2001) speaking is one of the important skills in language learning in the classroom. It is used twice as often as listening and the most used skill, it means that students should be good in speaking because speaking is used more than listening.

However in reality, since English is introduced to students, they cannot talk fluently it can be seen when they make small conversations they cannot talk as the teacher want and they get some difficulties to speak English. They feel uneasy and they are afraid to speak with each other to share about their opinion. It can be drawn from their negative attitude toward speaking activity, one of the reason is the teaching method which is used is boring.

In teaching and learning process, the effective and interesting method is one of the ways to motivate students to be involved in the activity. It can make the students feel more comfortable with the materials. As Dewey states, cited in Mooney (2000; p. 15), that enjoyable teaching learning process will occur when students are interested in the materials because the beginner students are interested in many new things such as foreign language. According to Brown (2001 : 100) the characteristic of novice level is the students' ability to communicate using learned material and oral production consists of isolated words.

Unfortunately many teachers still apply traditional method in teaching. For example, teachers make the students keep learning English through teachers' explanation of new words or grammar. In fact, this method is not effective because students will easily forget the words and the material if they learn different topic. Especially for students, those who are seven to twelve years old, this method is uninteresting. Keskil and Cephe note that students who are 10 and 11 years old like game, puzzles and song most, those who are 12 and 13 years old like activities built around dialogues, question-answer activities and matching exercises most. (Harmer, 2001 : 61).

There are many methods that can be used in teaching or learning speaking. But the applied methods which are used need to be not only interesting but also effective in teaching speaking. Clearly, students will not be able to speak foreign language well just by memorizing lists of words, repeating mechanically some useful expressions, and so on. Cameron's (2001) state that speaking is the active use of language to express meanings. To speak in the foreign language in order to share understandings with other, people require attention to precise details of the language. Thus, if students do not understand the spoken language, they cannot learn it effectively.

As Dawson (1975) state that speaking is truly basic skill in language learning. Students need to get themselves involved in the classroom to get more practice in speaking foreign language. For the purpose of getting students involved in the classroom, enjoyable activities are recommended to be used by the teachers to make the students focus on teaching learning process.

The teachers have to use different kinds of teaching approach in order not to make the students feel bored. Klancar (2006 : 53) states that the teacher will get some advantages when they teach student by various types of activities such as reading aloud and describing pictures.

Speaking activity can be modified by using media to help students in organizing their idea, for example by using pictures. Based on the basic competence designed for seventh grade in the junior high school, students are expected to be able to describe something such as objects, things people or procedure. It means that teachers have to help them to be able to describe it. There are many ways to make students more involved in the activity one of them is by using pictures. Besides using pictures and posters teacher can also use the real media such as desks, chairs, and the other things to help them to describe people, things or object. Pictures, as the media, are expected to give explanation and description, without having the students to memorize the text.

Pictures can be a media to stimulate students in describing an object or person in the pictures. Students can acquire the meaning by seeing the things in the pictures without explanation. It also helps them to communicate or explain the events in the picture. As Thornbury (2005; p. 75) explains that the script of conversation can be illustrated in picture form to make it memorized easily. So that teachers can create joyful learning through pictures that can affect students to participate and also motivate them to be active in the class. Providing tools especially pictures could encourage students to focus on the materials. They are interested in the pictures and become actively participate in the class. Furthermore, through pictures, fun learning can be created and speaking activity will not be seen as difficult as students might have thought.

In relation to the teaching and learning, pictures are potential source in the transferring information. In the other words, picture can become a bridge to transfer knowledge from the teacher to the student. As Goodman (2006 : 75) states, that picture can act as a bridge between students who have different learning style. According to Canning-Wilson (2001 : 91) pictures are important since they facilitate students understanding. Furthermore, she explains that for most people, the mental image of what they see has greater impact than auditory input.

Based on the explanation above, this research aimed is to find out the effectiveness of using pictures in teaching speaking English. Thus, the entitled "TEACHING SPEAKING ENGLISH THROUGH PICTURE IN IMPROVING STUDENTS SPEAKING ABILITY".

B. Research Questions

According to the previous explanations, this research was intended to answer the following questions : 

1. Is the use of Pictures effective in improving students speaking ability ?

2. What are the students' responses of teaching speaking English through pictures ?

C. The Scope of the Research

Based on the aforementioned problems, the scope of this study was to find out the effectiveness of picture in teaching speaking English. The context of the study was limited on teaching speaking English, especially to the seventh grades of SMP X.

D. Aims of the Research

The aims of this research are : 

1. To investigate the effectiveness of picture in teaching speaking English through picture.

2. To analyzed students' responses towards the implementation teaching speaking English through picture.

SKRIPSI COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING (CLT) APPROACH IN IMPROVING STUDENTS SPEAKING ABILITY IN EFL

(KODE : PENDBING-0047) : SKRIPSI COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING (CLT) APPROACH IN IMPROVING STUDENTS SPEAKING ABILITY IN EFL

CHAPTER I 

INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the general issues related to the present study. These include the background of the study, limitation of the problem, formulation of the problem, hypothesis of the study, definition of the key terms, the purposes and significance of the research. 

A. Background of the study

The recent change of our national curriculum has a great effect on the instructional procedures and material contents in Primary school, Junior High School and Senior High School. Especially in Junior High School, the curriculum change from Competence-Based Curriculum to School-Based Curriculum has given opportunities for teachers to plan and make the curriculum based on the set of competences. Teachers are obliged to be creative and innovative (Karnadi & Ansyar, 2007) in developing the curriculum and portraying lessons in classroom.

Karnadi (2006) stated that the Education Ministerial regulation no. 22, 23 and 24 year 2006, dated May 23, about School-Based Curriculum giving a broad opportunities for schools as well as the teachers to determine and develop the curriculum. The curriculum developed by the school should refer to national standard of education, and operationally should be in line with the standard of content and competence arranged by BSNP (The Board of National Standard of Education). In such a way, school has a full authority to determine and develop the syllabus, curriculum and indicators in order to show the schools' potentials and competitions (Bambang Wasito Adi, The head of Information centre of BSNP). Principally, it is always intended to have teaching and learning process that finally can lead to have better learning outcome.

The goal of teaching English in Junior High School level is to communicate in English at the level of literacy performative competence and literacy functional competence (PERMEN 22 in 2006). The literacy performative competence level leads the students to be able to read, write, listen and speak English in simple symbols. The literacy functional competence level encourages the students to communicate in English orally and written for their daily activity needs.

As such, the way of teaching and learning process of English should be taken more emphasize on communicative approach. This approach gives focus on communicative proficiency rather than on mere mastery of structure (Richards, 1986 : 64). It is in line with the function of language that is to communicate opinion, ideas, information, etc. So that language is to communicate meaning as effectively as possible in concrete situation.

Nowadays, communication becomes more and more important in our daily life, because they are indispensable as a means of communication for Indonesia international activities. But it has been a big problem for Indonesian learners of English to develop communicative competence. This is partly because we have few opportunities to use English in a real world and partly because we usually regard English as knowledge instead of a mean of communication. As English is not the main approach for the people to transfer information with each other in Indonesia, it's mainly as the way of finding a good job and passing an examination. As a result, reading skills and linguistic competence are emphasized in school. What is more, Indonesia and English are completely different languages in many aspects, so it's difficult for the students to learn English. Also in Indonesia, there are a few opportunities for students to speak and listen to English; there is no real language environment for students to improve their communicative competence.

Additionally, there are two reasons why we should teach speaking skills in the classroom, they are;

- Motivation

Many students equate being able to speak a language as knowing the language and therefore view learning the language as learning how to speak the language, or as Nunan (1991) wrote, "Success is measured in terms of the ability to carry out a conversation in the (target) language." Therefore, if students do not learn how to speak or do not get any opportunity to speak in the language classroom they may soon get de-motivated and lose interest in learning. On the other hand, if the right activities are taught in the right way, speaking in class can be a lot of fun, raising general learner motivation and making the English language classroom a fun and dynamic place to be.

- Speaking is fundamental to human communication.

Just think of all the different conversations we have in one day and compare that with how much written communication we do in one day. Which do we do more of ? In our daily lives most of us speak more than we write, yet many English teachers still spend the majority of class time on reading and writing practice almost ignoring speaking and listening skills. Do we think this is a good balance ?

If the goal of our language course is truly to enable our students to communicate in English, then speaking skills should be taught and practiced in the language classroom.

In case of teaching English as a foreign language, the goal of teaching as stated above is accordance with the standard and basic competence in school based curriculum (PERMEN 22 in 2006), especially for the eight-year of junior high school level, which take more emphasize on the students' communicative competence in speaking skill, as in the following that;

- The ability to express meaning in a simple short dialog with other people in transactional and interpersonal conversation. 

- The ability to express meaning in a simple short functional and monolog in descriptive and recount texts for interacting and communicating with other people.

- The ability to express meaning orally in transactional and interpersonal for interacting and communicating with other people.

- The ability to express meaning in a simple short functional and monolog in recount and narrative texts for interacting and communicating with other people.

Additionally, the standard of competence as stated above encourages the students to have the basic competence (PERMEN 22, 2006) as in the following;

- Expressing meaning in transactional (to get things done) and interpersonal conversation (socialization) to ask for and give things.

- Expressing meaning in transactional (to get things done) and interpersonal conversation (socialization) to ask and give opinions (make questions).

Expressing meaning in transactional (to get things done) and interpersonal conversation (socialization) to invite people, agree and disagree, and talk about past experience.

- Expressing meaning in transactional (to get things done) and interpersonal conversation (socialization) to express admiration and congratulation ask for and give ideas and ask for information.

- Expressing meaning in transactional (to get things done) and interpersonal conversation (socialization) to talk about favorite tales, ask for a favor, ask and offer things.

- Expressing meaning in transactional (to get things done) and interpersonal conversation (socialization) to get information, ask and give opinion, predict and retell the story.

- Expressing meaning in transactional (to get things done) and interpersonal conversation (socialization) to ask for and give agreement, respond to a statement, talk about one's biography.

- Expressing meaning in transactional (to get things done) and interpersonal conversation (socialization) to make a telephone call, leave and take messages, make an appointment, and tell funny experience.

This paradigm shifting has happened in English teaching in Junior High School especially in SMPN X where the goal of teaching is aimed at teaching English for communication. However, the application of teaching in the field is still far from satisfying. For instance; it often can be seen that English teaching still emphasize on language form. It also can be observed that many Junior High School students who have been studying English for more than 3 years are not able to speak English, even though it is in a simple conversation. Their English mark in their final examination (NEM) is considered low and their communicative proficiency is also poor. 

The students' achievement nationally makes parents as well as teachers unhappy. The unsatisfactory results make people then turn more intention to the implementers in the fields. The teachers become the scapegoat of the failure because they directly face the students in class. This phenomenon is concluded that English teaching result is still far from satisfaction. It means that the problem of English teaching still can not be overcome maximally. The implementation of the normative approach underlying the curriculum is considered on the teachers' hand. Teachers as the teaching implementers in the field should be able to understand the curriculum as part of the system, since it should be understood as guideline that give direction towards the target decided. Their understanding will very much determine their preparation and their actual implementation in class. But the case is not like what it has been expected. Teachers as the spearhead are not well prepared. They are predicted of not having enough knowledge or experience about the approach.

The purpose of English teaching in Indonesia is very often limited to the four language skills (reading, writing, listening and speaking). And all the classroom activities are designed around the four language skills. However this is not necessarily the case. Many teachers and learners get accustomed to traditional teaching methodology and neglect the nature of language and language teaching. To avoid such misunderstanding the thesis insists that the aim of English teaching is to develop the learners' communicative competence.

In Indonesia, some existing problems, of which dumb English and low efficiency are most evident. Generally, the learners have spent at least three years or so studying English before entering senior high school. During such long learning span too much emphasis has been put on rote learning and accumulation of English knowledge, such as the mastery of usage words and grammatical rules. Many learners with many years experience in English learning still have considerable difficulty coping with English in its normal oral communicative use. Therefore, it is of great significance and urgency to further discuss the objective of language teaching and the approach in English language teaching is most self-evident. The learners are required to develop the comprehensive ability to communicate orally in English. In the process of improving the comprehensive proficiency the teaching should focus on the learners' proficiency instead of the presentation of abstract linguistic forms.

The objective of the English teaching is to develop the learners' English communicative competence likewise. Viewing English as a kind of meaning potential and a functional system, its learning should be the realization of English behavior potential. English teaching will focus on how to use English grammatically and appropriately. In a word, our English teaching will concentrate on the knowledge and ability to use. In addition to the ability to produce and understand grammatical utterances the learners are to develop the ability to know when to select a particular grammatical sequence that should be appropriate to the context, both linguistic and situational.

The common problems encountered by teachers with the teaching of English, especially teaching of speaking skills in junior high school can be seen in the following that; 

1. Students won't talk or say anything

One way to tackle this problem is to find the root of the problem and start from there. A reason for student silence may simply be that the class activities are boring or are pitched at the wrong level. Very often our interesting communicative speaking activities are not quite as interesting or as communicative as we think they are and all the students are really required to do is answer 'yes' or 'no' which they do quickly and then just sit in silence or worse talking noisily in their L1.

2. When students work in pairs or groups they just end up chatting in their own language.

This problem is mostly happen when the activity or the task is not interesting to students. If students do not have something to say or do, or don't feel the need to speak, we can be sure it won't be long before they are chatting away in their L1.

3. Passive class

A common problem for EFL teachers is dealing with a passive class, where students are unresponsive and avoid interaction with the teacher. This is especially true when a teacher seeks interaction in a teacher-class dialog, such as asking questions to the class as a whole, expecting at least one student to respond. This can be a frustrating experience for both parties. Obviously, there will be times when no student can answer a teacher's question, but often students do not answer even if they understand the question, know the answer, and are able to produce the answer. Furthermore, students can often be very reluctant to give feedback or ask the teacher a question in front of the class.

This condition interests the researcher to investigate the effectiveness of CLT to EFL teaching in order to overcome those problems, to help students to learn English more effectively and efficiently, especially in improving students' speaking ability.

B. Limitation of the Problem

It has been previously stated in the background that students with many years experience in English learning still have considerable difficulty coping with English in its normal oral communicative use. In the other hand, students who have been studying English for more than 3 years are not able to speak English, even though it is in a simple conversation. Their English mark in their final examination (NEM) is considered low and their communicative proficiency is also poor.

Concerning the outcome that has not made us happy yet, it is necessary to take a look at the communicative language teaching approach to the teaching of English as a foreign language. Through this study the researcher will investigate the effectiveness of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in the English Foreign Language (EFL) classroom, especially in improving students' speaking ability in SMPN X.

C. Formulation of the Problem

The problem that will be observed in this research is;

1. Is Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach effective in improving students' speaking ability ?

2. Is there any significant difference between the speaking ability of the respondents who are trained on applying CLT with those who are not ?

D. Hypothesis of the Study

The researcher sets the hypothesis as follows that students who are taught using Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach get higher speaking ability than those who are taught using the conventional method.

E. Definition of the Key Terms

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) is an approach to the teaching of second and foreign languages that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of learning a language. In other words, Communicative language teaching (CLT) is the way of teaching language that takes more emphasize on communicative approach (Wilkins, 1980s). CLT refers to the process of learning which makes use of real-life situation that necessitate communication (Ann Galloway, center for applied linguistics). The teacher sets up a situation that students are likely to encounter in real life. Unlike the audio-lingual method of language teaching, which relies on repetition and drills, the communicative approach can leave students in suspense as to the outcome of a class exercise, which will vary according to their reactions and responses. The real-life simulations change from day to day. Students' motivation to learn comes from their desire to communicate in meaningful ways about meaningful topics.

Communicative language teaching (CLT) refers to both processes and goals in classroom learning. The central theoretical concept in communicative language teaching is ‘‘communicative competence,’’. Competence is defined in terms of the expression, interpretation, and negotiation of meaning (Sauvignon, 1971). Sauvignon (1971) used the term ‘‘communicative competence’’ to characterize the ability of classroom language learners to interact with other speakers, to make meaning, as distinct from their ability to recite dialogues or perform on discrete-point tests of grammatical knowledge.

Approach, according to Anthony as quoted by Richards (1986) is a set of correlative assumptions dealing with the nature of language and learning. Following Richards (1986), states that approach is theories about the nature of language and language learning that serve as the source of practices and principles in language teaching. Additionally, approach refers to the beliefs and theories about language, language learning and teaching that underlie a method. While speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information (Brown; Burns & Joyce, 1997). Its form and meaning are dependent on the context in which it occurs, including the participants themselves, their collective experiences, the physical environment, and the purposes for speaking.

F. The Purpose of the Research

There are two purposes of the research : 

1. To investigate whether CLT is effective in improving students' speaking ability.

2. To find out the improvement of students' speaking ability after being trained compared to those who are not trained.

JUDUL SKRIPSI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

JUDUL SKRIPSI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

• (KODE : PENDBING-0001) : SKRIPSI THE COOPERATIVE LEARNING THREE-STEP INTERVIEW TOWARDS STUDENTS SPEAKING ABILITY
• (KODE : PENDBING-0002) : SKRIPSI A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON CLASSROOM INTERACTION OF ENGLISH TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS IN THE LARGE CLASSES OF THE FIRST YEAR STUDENTS IN SMA X
• (KODE : PENDBING-0003) : SKRIPSI A STUDY ON TEACHING-LEARNING ACTIVITIES AT A DESIGNATED INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SCHOOL
• (KODE : PENDBING-0004) : SKRIPSI AN ANALYSIS ON THE SPEAKING CLASSROOM INTERACTIONS AT THE TENTH GRADE OF SMA NEGERI X
• (KODE : PENDBING-0005) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECT OF TEACHER CERTIFICATION ON THE QUALITY OF ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
• (KODE : PENDBING-0006) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROCESS APPROACH IN TEACHING WRITING VIEWED FROM STUDENTS' LEARNING INTEREST
• (KODE : PENDBING-0007) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SKIMMING AND SCANNING TECHNIQUES IN IMPROVING STUDENTS READING ABILITY (KLS XI)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0008) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EDUCATIONAL DEBATING METHOD IN IMPROVING STUDENTS ORAL COMMUINCATION SKILLS
• (KODE : PENDBING-0009) : SKRIPSI THE STUDENTS STRATEGIES IN SOLVING SPEAKING DIFFICULTIES (A CASE STUDY IN CLASS X)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0010) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ROLE PLAY METHOD IN IMPROVING STUDENTS SPEAKING SKILL (KLS X)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0011) : SKRIPSI ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR YOUNG LEARNERS (KLS VI)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0012) : SKRIPSI THE TECHNIQUES OF TEACHING SPEAKING TO YOUNG LEARNERS
• (KODE : PENDBING-0013) : SKRIPSI THE PRACTICE OF ELICITING TECHNIQUES IN EFL CLASSROOM INTERACTION (KLS X)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0014) : SKRIPSI THE PORTRAYAL OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE THEORY IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO YOUNG LEARNERS
• (KODE : PENDBING-0015) : SKRIPSI IMPROVING STUDENT MOTIVATION TO SPEAK ENGLISH THROUGH COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
• (KODE : PENDBING-0016) : SKRIPSI AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STUDENTS ABILITY AND DIFFICULTIES IN WRITING A NARRATIVE TEXT (KLS X)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0017) : SKRIPSI THE USE OF GUESSING GAME IN TEACHING SPEAKING (KLS XI)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0018) : SKRIPSI A CORRELATIONAL STUDY BETWEEN HABIT IN SINGING AND LISTENING TO ENGLISH SONGS, VOCABULARY MASTERY, AND SPEAKING SKILL
• (KODE : PENDBING-0019) : SKRIPSI A CORRELATIONAL STUDY ON STUDENTS TRANSLATION ABILITY, READING HABIT AND STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION (KLS X)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0020) : SKRIPSI A STUDY OF EFL TEACHING STRATEGIES IN PESANTREN (A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY IN TWO PESANTRENS)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0021) : SKRIPSI CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING APPROACH TO TEACHING WRITING (KLS VII)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0022) : SKRIPSI GRAMMATICAL ERROR ANALYSIS IN STUDENTS RECOUNT TEXTS (KLS XII)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0023) : SKRIPSI INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES IN PARTIAL IMMERSION PROGRAM (KLS VII)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0024) : SKRIPSI STUDENTS GRAMMATICAL ERRORS ANALYSIS IN WRITING ENGLISH COMPOSITION (KLS XI)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0025) : SKRIPSI TEACHERS SCAFFOLDING TALKS IN TEACHING SPEAKING (KLS VII)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0026) : SKRIPSI TEACHING SPEAKING ENGLISH TO YOUNG LEARNER (KLS IV)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0027) : SKRIPSI THE APPLICATION OF CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING FOR TEACHING SPEAKING (KLS VII)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0028) : SKRIPSI THE APPLICATION OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING THINK PAIR SHARE (TPS) IN IMPROVING STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION (KLS X)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0029) : SKRIPSI THE CORRELATION BETWEEN JUNIOR HIGHSCHOOL STUDENTS LISTENING SKILL AND THEIR SPEAKING SKILL (KLS VII)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0030) : SKRIPSI THE CORRELATION BETWEEN LISTENING AND SPEAKING ABILITIES (KLS XII)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0031) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUES IN IMPROVING STUDENTS NARRATIVE TEXT WRITING ABILITY (KLS XI)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0032) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SONG IN TEACHING ENGLISH VOCABULARIES TO THE ELEMENTARY STUDENTS (KLS IV)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0033) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING AUTHENTIC MATERIALS IN IMPROVING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (EFL) STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION (KLS X)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0034) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING SIMULATION IN IMPROVING STUDENTS SPEAKING SKILL (KLS XI)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0035) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING TOURISM BROCHURES IN TEACHING WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT (KLS IX)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0036) : SKRIPSI THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PORTFOLIO METHOD IN TEACHING WRITING (KLS X)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0037) : SKRIPSI THE PORTRAYAL OF DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING LEARNING TASKS BASED ON THE STUDENT LEARNING STYLE
• (KODE : PENDBING-0038) : SKRIPSI THE STRATEGIES IN IMPROVING HEARING IMPAIRED STUDENTS MOTIVATION TO LEARNING ENGLISH
• (KODE : PENDBING-0039) : SKRIPSI THE TRANSLATING STRATEGIES APPLIED BY THE FIRST GRADE STUDENTS IN THE TRANSLATION OF A NARRATIVE TEXT
• (KODE : PENDBING-0040) : SKRIPSI THE USE OF CROSSWORD PUZZLE IN TEACHING VOCABULARY (KLS V)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0041) : SKRIPSI THE USE OF MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING NARRATIVE TEXT TO IMPROVE STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION
• (KODE : PENDBING-0042) : SKRIPSI THE USE OF PORTFOLIO IN IMPROVING STUDENTS VOCABULARY MASTERY (X GRADE)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0043) : SKRIPSI USING MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE STUDENTS ABILITY IN READING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
• (KODE : PENDBING-0044) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THREE PHASE TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION VIEWED FROM INTELLIGENCE (KLS VII)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0045) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEAMS-GAMES-TOURNAMENT TO TEACH READING VIEWED FROM STUDENTS SELF-ESTEEM (KLS VII)
• (KODE : PENDBING-0046) : SKRIPSI THE USE OF LITERACY APPROACH TO TEACH RECOUNT TEXT (KLS X)-QL
• (KODE : PENDBING-0047) : SKRIPSI COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING (CLT) APPROACH IN IMPROVING STUDENTS SPEAKING ABILITY IN EFL [[ LIHAT BAB I ]]
• (KODE : PENDBING-0048) : SKRIPSI THE USE OF MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING RECOUNT TEXT TO IMPROVE STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION ABILITY [[ LIHAT BAB I ]]
• (KODE : PENDBING-0049) : SKRIPSI STUDENT'S READING STRATEGIES AND THEIR READING COMPREHENSION [[ LIHAT BAB I ]]
• (KODE : PENDBING-0050) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING SIMULATION IN IMPROVING STUDENTS SPEAKING SKILL [[ LIHAT BAB I ]]
• (KODE : PENDBING-0051) : SKRIPSI THE EFFECT OF USING SONG ON STUDENT'S SPEAKING ABILITY [[ LIHAT BAB I ]]
• (KODE : PENDBING-0052) : SKRIPSI THE USE OF SERIES OF PICTURES IN STUDENTS NARRATIVE WRITING PROCESS [[ LIHAT BAB I ]]
• (KODE : PENDBING-0053) : SKRIPSI IMPROVING STUDENTS READING SKILL THROUGH INTERACTIVE APPROACH [[ LIHAT BAB I ]]
• (KODE : PENDBING-0054) : SKRIPSI THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING TO YOUNG LEARNERS A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY AT THREE KINDERGARTENS [[ LIHAT BAB I ]]
• (KODE : PENDBING-0055) : SKRIPSI TEACHERS TECHNIQUES IN TEACHING SPEAKING SKILL [[ LIHAT BAB I ]]
• (KODE : PENDBING-0056) : SKRIPSI AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STUDENTS ABILITY AND DIFFICULTIES IN WRITING A NARRATIVE TEXT [[ LIHAT BAB I ]]

SKRIPSI A CORRELATIONAL STUDY BETWEEN HABIT IN SINGING AND LISTENING TO ENGLISH SONGS, VOCABULARY MASTERY, AND SPEAKING SKILL

(KODE : PENDBING-0018) : SKRIPSI A CORRELATIONAL STUDY BETWEEN HABIT IN SINGING AND LISTENING TO ENGLISH SONGS, VOCABULARY MASTERY, AND SPEAKING SKILL

CHAPTER I 

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study
We communicate with each other, directly or indirectly in the society. In a direct communication, speaking skills become very important. Speaking is a productive skill in the oral mode. Speaking is more complicated than it seems at first and involves more than just pronouncing words. The purpose of real communication is to accomplish a purpose, such as conveying a message, obtaining information, or expressing an opinion. In real communication, participants must manage uncertainty about what the other person will say. Authentic communication involves an information gap; each participant has information that the other does not have. In addition, to achieve their purpose, participants may have to clarify their meaning or ask for confirmation of their own understanding.
Some communication situations are associated with a predictable set of spoken exchanges - a script. Greetings, apologies, compliments, invitations, and other functions that are influenced by social and cultural norms often follow patterns or scripts. So do the transactional exchanges involved in activities such as obtaining information and making a purchase. In these scripts, the relationship between a speaker's turn and the one that follows it can often be anticipated. If we don't have good speaking skill, it may causes miss understanding one other.

Good communication skills require a high level self-awareness. By understanding our personal style of communicating, we will go a long way towards creating good and lasting impressions with others.

Many language learners regard speaking ability as the measure of knowing a language. These learners define fluency as the ability to converse with others, much more than the ability to read, write, or comprehend oral language. They regard speaking as the most important skill they can acquire, and they assess their progress in terms of their accomplishments in spoken communication.
A teacher has to master language skills, covering speaking, writing, listening, or reading. Therefore he can help the students to improve their language skills too. Every student has different ability in mastering language skill. Some students are good at speaking but not good at reading or writing conversely. Students have different intellectual abilities. They think and learn differently. Some learning patterns will have been developed as a result of the schooling experience where materials were largely presented in a way that benefited students with linguistic or numeric abilities. As a result innate learning styles may not have been developed and students may need to be encouraged to identify their own learning pattern.
There are various ways of classifying differences in learning styles. Many theories and models have been proposed. Some learning styles classifications include :
1. Left and right brain thinkers
2. Auditory, visual and aesthetics learners
3. Activists, reflectors, theorists and pragmatists
Each learner will have a preferred way in which to process information. In many instances, tutors will not have the time required to determine their students learning styles. Neither may the tutor have the expertise to analyze individual learning styles or conduct the tests that are available.

The key consideration for tutors is not to rely on one teaching strategy. It is important to remember that some students don't learn very well by just listening and taking notes. Some may have a more limited attention span than others and like activity in class. Understanding the many ways in which people learn is crucial when planning and delivering a course. 

Students often think that the ability to speak a language is the product of language learning, but speaking is also a crucial part of the language learning process. Effective instructors teach students speaking strategies using minimal responses, recognizing scripts, and using language to talk about language that they can use to help themselves expand their knowledge of the language and their confidence in using it. These instructors help students learn to speak so that the students can use speaking to learn.
Sometimes some habit may also influence student ability, for example a student who likes reading a book, improve his reading skill, a student who likes listening to songs, improve his listening or speaking skill automatically, a singer who sings English song, usually has good pronunciation. In this research the writer tries to investigate the correlation of habit in singing and listening to English songs and speaking skill.
The writer considers that so many language skills can be learnt from a song. There are so many advantages we can take from a song. By singing a song we can learn to speak English fluently. We can learn how to pronounce a word, understand the meaning of a word and also how to arrange words into a good sentence. We can also get more vocabulary from the song lyrics and learn another language skill such as listening, and also reading from a song.
In this study the writer wants to find out whether there is a correlation between the students' habit in singing and listening to English songs and their language skills, that is speaking skill.
In the speaking skill cannot be separated from other language skills such as vocabulary mastery. An expert says that vocabulary is the basics skill for communication. If someone does not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who addressed them, they will be unable to participate in the conversation. It means that the vocabulary mastery is also important factor in speaking skill. Therefore, in this study the writer also wants to find out whether there is a correlation between the students' vocabulary mastery and speaking skill.
The writer chooses the students of vocational school as the subject of the research because they can be categorized as teenage learners, and teenage learner usually like songs, game and something fun. An expert argues that teenage students are good language learners. Psychologically, they have been able to control their emotions. Teenagers, if they are engaged, have a great capacity to learn, a great potential for creativity, and a passionate commitment to thing which interest them. Furthermore students of vocational school are prepared to the real work world, they have to have good speaking skill for their communication with everyone.
In this thesis, the writer tries to find out if there is significant correlation between habit in singing and listening to English songs, vocabulary mastery and speaking skill. The writer wants to learn if there is significant correlation between habit in singing and listening to English songs, the vocabulary mastery and the speaking skill. The writer just wants to investigate the contribution of students' habit in singing and listening to English songs, vocabulary mastery for their speaking skill. Therefore the results of this study can be used as approach to teach speaking, especially for vocational school students.
Based on the above description, the writer wants to carry out research to know whether there is a positive correlation between the students' habit in singing and listening to English songs, vocabulary mastery and their speaking skill, especially for the eleventh grade student of SMK X.

B. Problem Identification
Based on the background, the writer finds some problems, as follows :
1. Is there any correlation between habit in singing and listening to English songs and vocabulary mastery?
2. Is there any correlation between habit in singing and listening to English songs and speaking skill?
3. Is there any correlation between habit in singing and listening to English songs and reading skill?
4. Is there any correlation between habit in singing and listening to English songs and writing skill?
5. Is there any correlation between habit in singing and listening to English songs and listening skill?
6. Is there any correlation between vocabulary mastery and speaking skill?
7. Is there any correlation between vocabulary mastery and listening skill?
8. Is there any correlation between vocabulary mastery and reading skill?
9. Is there any correlation between vocabulary mastery and writing skill?
10. Is there any correlation between habit in singing and listening to English songs, vocabulary mastery and speaking skill?

C. Problem Limitation
The writer limits the problem of this thesis on the three variables, that is student's habit in singing and listening to English songs, vocabulary mastery, and speaking skill. The research subject is the eleventh grade students of SMK X. The correlation method is used to examine the coefficient of correlation between the variables.

D. Problem Formulation
Based on the background of the study and problem limitation, the formula of the problem as follows :
1. Is there a positive significant correlation between habit in singing and listening to English songs and speaking skill.
2. Is there a positive significant correlation between vocabulary mastery and speaking skill.
3. Is there a positive significant correlation between habit in singing and listening to English songs, vocabulary mastery simultaneously and speaking skill?

E. The Benefits of the Study
The result of the research give information about students' habit in singing and listening to English songs, their vocabulary mastery, and their speaking skill. This information can be used to decide whether these factors must be improved or not.
The result of the research gives information about the degree of correlation between students' habit in singing and listening to English songs, vocabulary mastery, and speaking skill. It can be used for the teacher to decide whether the speaking skill can be improved by the two factors or not.